In 1792, the Gorkhali king Rana Bahadur Shah faced the might of the Qing Empire. After a failed invasion of Tibet, the Qing commander Fuk'anggan marched an army to within a few days of Kathmandu. This episode explores the diplomatic brinkmanship that led to the Treaty of Betravati, a turning point that forced Nepal to become a tributary state of the Qing court. We discuss the roles of the Panchen Lama, the Kashag, and the Tibetan regent, as well as the treaty's long-term effects on Nepal's foreign policy—including its later decision to seek support from British India. The episode illuminates a little-known chapter of Himalayan geopolitics where the Qing, Tibetan, and Gorkhali worlds collided.
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