This is the story of how we learned to fake the most natural thing in the world. What it cost us. And the strange places we still go, even now, to steal a little of the real thing back. 

In this Episode

  • Bernice Brown: the RAND statistician whose job was to hunt for a pattern inside a million digits and sign her name only when she could not find one
  • The electronic roulette wheel: RAND's random number making machine and why its raw output drifted into bias
  • Stanisław Ulam: the mathematician whose card game in a hospital bed became the Monte Carlo method, and the reason anyone needed randomness by the millions in the first place
  • John von Neumann: the middle square method, and the resulting "state of sin" 

Episode Music

Sounds

Additional Reading 

Brown, B. (1948). Some tests of the randomness of a million digits (Paper No. P-44). RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2008/P44.pdf

Iowa State College Statistical Laboratory. (1935). Annual report of the statistical laboratory: July 1, 1933 to June 30, 1934. Iowa State College. https://isuu00001library102stg.blob.core.windows.net/digital-objects/statsannualreports/pdf/statsannualreports3414.pdf

Markoff, J. (1995, September 19). Security flaw is discovered in software used in shopping. The New York Times, p. A1. https://archive.ph/Hz0pX

Mercator, V. (2023, October 1). The middle squares method: The first PRNG. VM's Numbers Station. https://vm70.neocities.org/posts/2023-10-01-middle-squares/

RAND Corporation. (2001). A million random digits with 100,000 normal deviates (MR-1418-RC). https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1418.html

Summerscales, O. (2023, November 1). Hitting the jackpot: The birth of the Monte Carlo method. Actinide Research Quarterly. https://www.lanl.gov/media/publications/actinide-research-quarterly/1123-hitting-the-jackpot-the-birth-of-the-monte-carlo-method 

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