Built across a lagoon and protected by the sea, Venice developed from scattered island settlements into one of the most powerful commercial republics in European history. Its merchants traded across the Mediterranean, its shipyards produced formidable fleets, and its political institutions kept the republic functioning for centuries. Venice also helped redirect the Fourth Crusade, created an extensive maritime empire and became a major centre of Renaissance art, architecture and printing. Yet Ottoman expansion, changing trade routes and the arrival of Napoleon gradually brought Venetian independence to an end. This episode traces the history of Venice from its uncertain origins and the rise of the doges to the fall of the republic in 1797, its incorporation into Italy and the environmental and social challenges facing the city today.
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