Episode 60. Augustus, Part Four: Teutoburg, Tiberius, and the Question of Legacy

Works CitedPrimary Sources

• Cassius Dio. Roman History, Books 55–56. The narrative backbone for the decade.
• Ovid. Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto. The exile poetry, especially Tristia 2.
• Res Gestae Divi Augusti. The thirty-five-section self-account, read at the funeral and inscribed on the Mausoleum tablets and at Ancyra.
• Suetonius. Life of Augustus, chapters 22–25, 65, 97–101. The death scene, the Teutoburg reaction, and the late exiles.
• Suetonius. Life of Tiberius, chapters 15–21. The adoption, the Pannonian command, and the final years with Augustus.
• Tacitus. Annals, Book 1, chapters 1–10 and 53. Retrospective account of the death, the succession, and the exiles.
• Velleius Paterculus. Roman History, 2.103–124. Contemporary eyewitness for the Pannonian revolt and for Teutoburg's aftermath.

Secondary Sources

• Barrett, Anthony. Livia: First Lady of Imperial Rome. Yale University Press, 2002. Essential for the final years and for the succession politics around Tiberius and Postumus.
• Galinsky, Karl, editor. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge University Press, 2005. Essential collected essays on the reign as a whole, especially the chapters on the Res Gestae and the succession.
• Goldsworthy, Adrian. Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2014. The best general biography for the final decade.
• Levick, Barbara. Tiberius the Politician. Revised edition, Routledge, 1999. Essential on the adoption of 4 CE and on Tiberius's role in the German and Pannonian commands.
• Wells, Peter S. The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest. W. W. Norton, 2003. The best popular account of Teutoburg for the archaeological context at Kalkriese.
• White, Peter. “Ovid and the Augustan Milieu,” in Brill's Companion to Ovid (ed. Barbara Weiden Boyd). Brill, 2002. The best recent treatment of the exile and the likely political context of the carmen et error.

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