Research indicates that antiviral immunity is a universal characteristic of cellular life, with many human immune components originating billions of years ago in bacteria. These shared systems, such as cGAS-STING and inflammasomes, follow a common strategic framework involving pathogen recognition, signal amplification, and effector functions. While humans often use these pathways for innate immunity to protect multicellular structures, bacteria employ them as a last-resort defense against bacteriophages. Both kingdoms utilize nucleotide signaling and supramolecular complexes to trigger responses ranging from direct viral inhibition to programmed cell death. This evolutionary connection suggests that the fundamental rules governing host-virus interactions are remarkably conserved across all domains of life. Comparison of these systems continues to reveal new facets of human immunity by uncovering ancient protein homologs and universal survival strategies.
References:
Kranzusch P J. Shared principles of human and bacterial antiviral immunity[J]. Nature, 2026, 656(8127): 307-319.
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