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Criminal Law(Amendment) Act, 2005 — inserted Chapter XXI-A (Sections265A–265L) into the CrPC, establishing plea bargaining in India.
BNSS, 2023— Chapter XXIII, Sections 289–300. Key changes: (a) 30-dayapplication window from date of charge framing (S.290); (b) enhanced leniencyfor first-time offenders (S.293). Core conviction-mandatory framework retained.
Section 359BNSS — Compounding of offences. Successfulcomposition has the effect of acquittal (S.359(8)).
MalimathCommittee Report, 2003 — Recommended introduction of pleabargaining for speedy disposal.
NCRB 2023— ~1.65 crore cases tried; ~35,889 disposed via pleabargaining (~0.216% disposal rate).
Supreme Court,In Re: Policy Strategy for Grant of Bail (2022) — Bench of Justice SK Kaul and Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia:observations on sentence-only bargaining, triple approach (plea bargaining +compounding + probation).
Comparativestats — US ~90–95%; Canada ~85–90%; Australia~80–90% criminal disposals via negotiated pleas.
Pendency— ~58 million cases pending across Indian courts (as of2023–24 data).
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