Turkey has taken back the citizenship of 6,134 people who got it by investing, and 743 of them were never accused of fraud. Every citizenship by investment program reserves the right to revoke, but the grounds, the procedure and the record differ widely. IMI ranks 12 programs in four tiers. Tier one is Turkey's sweep and Cyprus unwinding its program. Tier two is Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Vanuatu and Saint Lucia, which have moved against named people. Tier three is Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Nauru, Egypt and Jordan, whose laws are broad and whose records show no published revocation. Malta is alone at the narrow end. The episode also covers Vanuatu, where a government spokesman said Andrew Tate's citizenship had been revoked before the Citizenship Commission said no such decision had been made, as well as the filing rules in Malta, Ireland and the Netherlands that can cost a passport without any wrongdoing.

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